; Udalski, A.; Gould, A.; Christie, G.W. It concludes with a presentation of the most important findings to-date, a description of the methods strengths and weaknesses, and a discussion of the future prospects of microlensing. Soon thereafter, however, they became important to the search for exoplanets orbiting Mayor, M.; Marmier, M.; Lovis, C.; Udry, S.; Sgransan, D.; Pepe, F.; Benz, W.; Bertaux, J.; Bouchy, F.; Dumusque, X.; et al. Ford, E.B. On the other hand, slow-moving lenses will always generate long-timescale events. In particular, microlensing is sensitive to very low-mass planets on wide orbits and free-floating planets, and can be used to search for planets orbiting host stars with a broad range of masses and Galactocentric distances. Sometimes their presence can even be used to break degeneracies between the estimated parameters of the system, and especially in the cases of finite-source and parallax, to determine the mass and distance to the lens. This was something follow-up teams could not do due to limitations imposed by the designs of the telescopes, which generally had much smaller fields of view. Stars brighter than 11.5 are "saturated" (all look the same brightness in the image). with planets, the magnification pattern experienced by a background The foreground star acts as a lens, splitting the light from the source star into two images, which are typically unresolved. Provided the deviations induced by the individual planets do not occur at similar places, most cases of planetary caustic perturbations can be adequately addressed using the binary-superposition approximation, whereby the perturbations are treated as the sum of the individual perturbations caused by each planet. ; Walkowicz, L.M. A Review on Substellar Objects below the Deuterium Burning Mass Limit: Planets, Brown Dwarfs or What? Artist's rendering of two Saturn-sized planets orbiting a Sun-like star called EPIC 249731291. De Wit, J.; Wakeford, H.R. ; Kama, M.; Dominik, C. The thermal structure and the location of the snow line in the protosolar nebula: Axisymmetric models with full 3-D radiative transfer. These vagabond worlds are essentially invisible, but Roman will discover them indirectly thanks to their gravitational effects on the light of more distant stars. Jupiter-sized exoplanet discovered through microlensing - Phys.org In a global experiment in exoplanet observation, the K2 mission and Earth-based observatories on six continents will survey millions of stars toward the center of our Milky Way galaxy. ; Riffeser, A.; Seitz, S.; Bender, R. Finite-Source Effects in Microlensing: A Precise, Easy to Implement, Fast, and Numerically Stable Formalism. The Early Warning System: Real Time Microlensing. ; Sajadian, S.; Gould, A.; Mrz, P.; Poleski, R.; Szymaski, M.K. The total flux received from an image is just the product of its surface brightness with the area it covers on the sky. An anomaly detector with immediate feedback to hunt for planets of Earth mass and below by microlensing. ; Udalski, A.; Batista, V.; Dominik, M.; Fouqu, P.; Kubas, D.; Gould, A.; Macintosh, B.; et al. Shin, I.G. Microlensing Optical Depth Revisited with Recent Star Counts. In microlensing parlance, their, A source with a binary companion will also experience accelerated motion which can affect a light curve in a way analogous to ground-based parallax. Manager: Pathway to the Galactic Distribution of Planets: Combined Spitzer and Ground-Based Microlens Parallax Measurements of 21 Single-Lens Events. This technique depends on an effect first discussed by physicist Albert . Poleski, R. Empirical microlensing event rates predicted by a phenomenological model. ; Szymaski, G. OGLE-IV: Fourth Phase of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Parallax is a vector with two components in the East and North directions, Parallax is significant because for those microlensing events where both, The problem is that most microlensing events last only for a few weeks, so the effect of orbital parallax is in most cases negligible, unless the magnification gradient is large with the source passing near the caustics (see, Satellite parallax, on the other hand, relies on having two observers, one on the Earth and a satellite in Solar orbit, observe the same microlensing event simultaneously. Wambsganss, J. Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy. In. GravityCam: Wide-Field High-Resolution High-Cadence Imaging Surveys in the Visible from the Ground. ; Kim, D.J. This makes them difficult to observe from Earth, even with multiple telescopes. A planetary tour through time. New technology and deeper understanding are moving us closer to detecting signs of life on another world. They appear close to the Einstein ring on opposite sides of the lens; the minor image always inside the Einstein ring and the major image outside. As our view of the universe has expanded, weve realized that our solar system may be unusual, said Samson Johnson, a graduate student at Ohio State University in Columbus who led the research effort. The basic shape is the same (see Fig. ; Teukolsky, S.A.; Vetterling, W.T. ; Batalha, N.M. It is instructive to consider two microlensing events of note and examine what has been learned from studying the morphology of their light curves. About one hundred exoplanets have been discovered to date by the microlensing technique, ranging in masses from about fifty Jupiter-masses to less than a few Earth-masses. ; Coleman, G.A.L. ; Skuljan, J.; Yock, P.C.M. ; Beaulieu, J.P.; Bennett, D.P. This means that the Exoplanets detected by microlensing. ; Liebig, C.; Cassan, A.; et al. ; Zang, W.C.; Henderson, C.B. This length of time depends on the mass of the lens and how fast it is moving, and for planets this is only a few hours. Gould, A. Expanding the Realm of Microlensing Surveys with Difference Image Photometry. Credit: NASA Finding this fast-moving giant, known as 51 Pegasi b, kicked off what might be called the "classical" period of planet hunting. Microlensing Constraints on the Frequency of Jupiter-Mass Companions: Analysis of 5 Years of PLANET Photometry. Laughlin, G.; Bodenheimer, P.; Adams, F.C. The gravity of the planet will then act as a mini-lens, further perturbing the image and producing a planetary anomaly in the light curve. Other methods require many years to detect such planets. In ground-based microlensing observations, the parallax effect consists of a subtle long-term distortion to the standard microlens light curve which arises from the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. They are as follows: These are all complementary techniques that explore different regimes of the planet mass versus orbit size distribution (see, According to Einsteins Theory of General Relativity, gravity may be thought of as a curvature in space-time. On Microlensing Event Rates and Optical Depth toward the Galactic Center. Kim, S.L. Since 2004 many extrasolar planets have been found through gravitational microlensing, including several so-called free-floating planets that do not orbit any star. ; Marcy, G.W. ; Gaudi, B.S. One of the more commonly-used methods for indirectly detecting exoplanets is known as Gravitational Microlensing. ; Cook, K.H. Suzuki, D.; Bennett, D.P. III. Going to space for a microlensing survey comes with several advantages (besides a stable PSF and uninterrupted coverage). Once they cool down, they will be dancing in the dark. Smith, M.C. The MACHO Project: Microlensing Optical Depth toward the Galactic Bulge from Difference Image Analysis. ; Barnes, J.; Berdias, Z.M. Mao, S. and Pacsynski, B. Park, H.; Udalski, A.; Han, C.; Gould, A.; Beaulieu, J.P.; Tsapras, Y.; Szymaski, M.K. Realisation of a fully-deterministic microlensing observing strategy for inferring planet populations. ; DePoy, D.L. Microlensing works by waiting until an exoplanet passes in front of a background star. Such observations could be used to estimate the angular Einstein radius, New ideas are also being considered to improve the accuracy of ground-based photometric microlensing observations using Lucky Imaging techniques that compensate for atmospheric turbulence and deliver significantly sharper images when compared to the performance of standard CCD cameras, but so far they have only been tested with a relatively narrow field of view [. Using a technique called gravitational microlensing, scientists will hunt for exoplanets that orbit far from their host star, such as Jupiter is to our sun, and . ; Beaulieu, J.P.; Caldwell, J.A.R. When one star in the sky appears to pass nearly in front of another, the light rays of the background source star become bent due to the gravitational "attraction" of the foreground star. 1st possible exoplanets in another galaxy | Space | EarthSky Atmospheric reconnaissance of the habitable-zone Earth-sized planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1. Light from a distant star is bent and focused by gravity as a planet passes between the star and Earth. So far we've found 5 planetary candidates via microlensing using Kepler data. ; Beaulieu, J.P.; Coutures, C.; Menzies, J.; Williams, A.; Batista, V.; et al. ; Han, C.; Skowron, J.; Penny, M.T. This means that the event duration distribution will be broad and have tails of relatively long and relatively short events. Rogue planets may also form in isolation from clouds of gas and dust, similar to how stars grow. Many who are interested in space and astronomy will have heard of gravitational lensing, which works on a much grander scale and involves light from a distant galaxy being magnified by the mass of a giant galaxy cluster. The total magnification is simply given by the sum of the magnifications of all images: The significance of the caustics becomes easier to appreciate when one considers that whenever the source crosses a caustic, the number of images changes by two, leading to abrupt jumps in magnification. Point-Spread Function Fitting Photometry. For typical lens and source distances, this corresponds to a physical distance from the host star of about 110 AU [, The analysis of microlensing event light curves featuring perturbations due to the presence of multiple planets can be a daunting task requiring optimization over a large parameter space. Essentially, this method relies on the gravitational force of distant objects. Einsteins theory of relativity states that light from the background star should be bent around the planet, which acts as a lens, making the background star brighter for a short time. Sumi, T.; Bennett, D.P. Albrow, M.D. Its even quite effective at detecting Earth-like planets. ring radius. ; Han, C.; Fouqu, P.; Gould, A.; Menzies, J.W. The False Positive Rate of Kepler and the Occurrence of Planets. is the usual observational signature of microlensing. recorded as a microlensing lightcurve--- The presence of the planet is then inferred from the tell-tale brightness variations of the background star during the lensing event, even if no light is detectable from the planet or the host foreground star. ; Suzuki, D.; Rattenbury, N.J.; et al. Ongoing astrometric microlensing events of two nearby stars. As the source crosses the caustic, two more images are produced at diametrically opposite locations [. The nature of anomalous features in the light curve of an event while the anomaly is still ongoing is very hard to interpret. It is also capable to discover exoplanets around white dwarfs or neutron stars. in the lensing pattern (caustics) over this small area. Sumi, T.; Bennett, D.P. We quickly went from knowing of only our own planetary system to realizing that planets likely outnumber the hundreds of billions of stars in our galaxy. . Microlensing events are one-off occurrences, with no possibility of observing them again. ; Geha, M.; et al. "Microlensing Searches for Exoplanets" Geosciences 8, no. 1m-class telescopes are routinely used for the observations, and for the brighter events even smaller amateur telescopes have contributed useful data. The population of close-in planets with orbits of less than 1 AU has been extensively explored through ground and space-based transit surveys, such as the Kepler mission, and through the radial velocity method. An alternative way to think about light curve deviations is to consider what happens to the images while the lensing event is ongoing. ; Bolmont, E.; Bourrier, V.; et al. Instead, microlensing relies on the blind luck of the planet passing in front of a star. Astronomers have published findings on several different microlensing exoplanets, with masses Schneider, P.; Weiss, A. Geosciences | Free Full-Text | Microlensing Searches for Exoplanets - MDPI ByAshley Balzer ; Caldwell, D.A. Microlensing is uniquely capable of exploring intermediate distances. ; Eddington, A.S.; Davidson, C. A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Suns Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919. The planet will only be revealed when one of the images generated by the lensing event happens to sweep past its location on the lens plane. One of our planetary candidates appears to be a Jupiter-like planet going around a star. 2018. Horne, K.; Snodgrass, C.; Tsapras, Y. ; et al. ; Griest, K.; Guern, J.; et al. It does not require many years of observations to discover a planet. It is sensitive to Earth-mass planets from ground-based observations. While there is much debate over which exoplanet discovery is considered the "first," one stands out from the rest. ; Suzuki, D.; Monard, L.A.G. Dominik, M. Adaptive contouring-an efficient way to calculate microlensing light curves of extended sources. ; Dominik, M.; Gould, A.; Greenhill, J.; Hill, K.; et al. Roman will test planetary formation and evolution models that predict different numbers of these isolated worlds. Perturbations related to the source interacting with the central caustic appear near the peak of the light curve, whereas those related to interactions with the planetary caustic manifest at the wings on either side. When a planet passes directly between its star and an observer, it dims the star's light by a measurable amount. ; Fukui, A.; Furusawa, K.; Itow, Y.; Ling, C.H. Udalski, A.; Szymanski, M.; Stanek, K.Z. The result is that the planet acts like a natural magnifying glass, amplifying light from the background star. This slide will not work in "regular viewing mode." Credit In particular, microlensing is sensitive to very low-mass planets on wide orbits and free-floating planets, and can be used to search for planets orbiting host stars with a broad range of masses and Galactocentric distances. ; Penny, M.T. Mackay, C. High-efficiency lucky imaging. Light from a distant star is bent and focused by gravity as a planet passes between the star and Earth. multiple images is generally too small to be resolved by modern telescopes. ; Kantowski, R.; Norton, T.D. [, The Use of High-Resolution Historical Images to Analyse the Leopard Pattern in the Arid Area of La Alta Guajira, Colombia, Imaging and Characterization of Extrasolar Planets with the Next Generation of Space Telescopes, Development of a Distributed Hydrologic Model for a Region with Fragipan Soils to Study Impacts of Climate on Soil Moisture: A Case Study on the Obion River Watershed in West Tennessee. Infimum Microlensing Amplification of the Maximum Number of Images of n-Point Lens Systems. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). The research team found that the mission will provide a rogue planet count that is at least 10 times more precise than current estimates, which range from tens of billions to trillions in our galaxy. ; et al. future research directions and describes possible research applications. Discovery of a cool planet of 5.5 Earth masses through gravitational microlensing. Dominik, M. Studying planet populations by gravitational microlensing. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. As the event progresses and more observations are obtained, the likelihood of the different interpretations changes, but estimating exactly by how much requires the ability to model events in real-time as they are happening, and to constantly re-evaluate how well these models represent the data. MOA 2010-BLG-477Lb: Constraining the Mass of a Microlensing Planet from Microlensing Parallax, Orbital Motion, and Detection of Blended Light. ; DePoy, D.L. Mackay, C.; Dominik, M.; Steele, I.A. PDF Microlensing Surveys for Exoplanets - Lunar and Planetary Laboratory Wyrzykowski, .; Rynkiewicz, A.E. ESA - Detecting exoplanets with microlensing - European Space Agency OGLE-IV 32-chip Mosaic Camera. The ancients debated the existence of planets beyond our own; now we know of thousands. This chart shows most of the stars visible with the unaided eye on a clear night. Einstein, A. Lens-Like Action of a Star by the Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field. Tomaney, A.B. Since the main feature containing information about the mass of the secondary component of the lens is the duration of the anomaly, it is often impossible to tell whether it is a planet, a brown dwarf, or a companion star causing it. ; Becker, A.; Bennett, D.P. The microlensing technique is Udalski, A.; Szymaski, M.K. ; Rhie, S.H. 2018. Microlensing Transit Radial velocity Timing Any planet is an extremely faint light source compared to its parent star. ; Udalski, A.; Gould, A.; Tsapras, Y.; Kubas, D.; Bond, I.A. You seem to have javascript disabled. Because the mass of the planet is so small compared to the host star, their light curves for the most part resemble those of single lenses. ; Greenhill, J.; Street, R.A.; Dominik, M.; Sumi, T.; Szymaski, M.K. Available online: The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Gravitational Microlensing | Las Cumbres Observatory Studying these planets will help narrow down competing models of planetary formation. Mao, S.; Paczynski, B. particularly well-suited to finding low-mass planets and planets around distant or very dim stars. ; et al. ; Batista, V.; Fukui, A.; Marquette, J.B.; Brillant, S.; Cole, A.A.; Rogers, L.A.; Sumi, T.; Abe, F.; et al. Dominik, M. Planetary mass function and planetary systems. It is uniquely capable of finding planets at and beyond the snow line of their host stars. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Advantages of the microlensing technique to detect exoplanets include: In summary, the microlensing can be used to study the statistical abundance of exoplanets Alcock, C.; Allsman, R.A.; Alves, D.R. Disadvantages of the microlensing technique to detect exoplanets include: In sum, the microlensing technique requires intensive use of telescope time, and OGLE-2008-BLG-510: First automated real-time detection of a weak microlensing anomaly-brown dwarf or stellar binary? ; Gould, A. Ryu, Y.H. ; Suzuki, D.; Beaulieu, J.P.; Udalski, A.; Donatowicz, J.; Bozza, V.; Abe, F.; et al. background source takes through the lens magnification pattern. [, Each data point in a given light curve corresponds to a particular position of the source. Let us for example consider a binary lens composed of a star hosting a planet. ; Goldman, B.; et al. Shin, I.G. ; Fischer, D.A. A microlensing survey conducted since 2015 using the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) in Hawaii is smoothing the way for WFIRST's exoplanet census by mapping the region. Thomas, C.L. Geosciences. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely ; et al. ; Batista, V.; Bond, I.A. Relationship between giant planet frequency and stellar metallicity. If the distance between the two source stars is large and the lens trajectory is along the line joining the two, we may have the perception of two independent microlensing events separated by a few months or years, which are both produced by the same lens. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. ; Gould, A.; Greenhill, J.; Hill, K.; Kane, S.; et al. Safizadeh, N.; Dalal, N.; Griest, K. Astrometric Microlensing as a Method of Discovering and Characterizing Extrasolar Planets. The angular separation between them is, Gravitational light deflection does not involve emission or absorption, so the surface brightness of either image is identical to that of the original source: surface brightness is conserved. NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Science Writer: star appears to brighten and then dim as the ; Yuk, I. KMTNET: A Network of 1.6 m Wide-Field Optical Telescopes Installed at Three Southern Observatories. short periods of time if the background star passes near what is known as Available online: The KMTNet Project. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. ; Horne, K.D. then \(d\) places a lower limit on the size of the orbit. Moniez, M. Microlensing as a probe of the Galactic structure: 20 years of microlensing optical depth studies. ; Maoz, D.; Dong, S.; McCormick, J.; et al. Combining Spitzer Parallax and Keck II Adaptive Optics Imaging to Measure the Mass of a Solar-like Star Orbited by a Cold Gaseous Planet Discovered by Microlensing. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets. ; Lee, C.U. ; Dominik, M.; Gaudi, B.S. Site Editor: Because microlensing effects are independent of the luminosity but depend only on the lens mass, it is the only method that is not biased by the planetary system hosts, allowing discoveries of exoplanets orbiting regular stars, dark low-mass stars, or brown dwarfs. Beaulieu, J.P.; Bennett, D.P. Bozza, V. Microlensing with an advanced contour integration algorithm: Greens theorem to third order, error control, optimal sampling and limb darkening. ; Christiansen, J.L. Part of the study involved determining how to analyze the missions future data to obtain a more accurate census. To find planets using this method, the background star is temporarily magnified by a foreground star because of the gravity that bends light. An artist's conception of Kepler-78b orbiting its parent star once every 8.5 hours. Signs of life beyond Earth could take forms that are clearly artificial radio or light signals, or even evidence of large-scale engineering. Explore an interactive gallery of some of the most intriguing and exotic planets discovered so far. Skowron, J.; Ryu, Y.H. Category:Exoplanets detected by microlensing - Wikipedia "The microlensing signal from a rogue planet only lasts between a few hours and a couple of days and then is gone forever," said co-author Matthew Penny, an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. By Briley Lewis |. This image captured by the SOFI instrument on ESOs New Technology Telescope at the La Silla Observatory shows the free-floating planet CFBDSIR J214947.2-040308.9 in infrared light. Griest, K.; Safizadeh, N. The Use of High-Magnification Microlensing Events in Discovering Extrasolar Planets. The probability of observing planet-lensing events is low, . Other, higher-order, effects may reveal themselves by perturbing the light curve of a microlensing event. Miyake, N.; Sumi, T.; Dong, S.; Street, R.; Mancini, L.; Gould, A.; Bennett, D.P. The parameters that are easiest to measure from microlensing Lecar, M.; Podolak, M.; Sasselov, D.; Chiang, E. On the Location of the Snow Line in a Protoplanetary Disk. ; Butler, R.P. Gravitational Binary-lens Events with Prominent Effects of Lens Orbital Motion. NASA Exoplanet Archive. In microlensing, the separation of order a milli-arcsecond between ; Tsapras, Y.; Snodgrass, C.; Street, R.A.; Hundertmark, M.; Kains, N.; Arellano Ferro, A.; Figuera, J.R.; et al. Available online: Muraki, Y.; Han, C.; Bennett, D.P. Roman is a game-changer for rogue planet searches.. General Complex Polynomial Root Solver and Its Further Optimization for Binary Microlenses. Bramich, D.M. Bennett, D. Magellanic Cloud gravitational microlensing results: What do they mean? The abundance of Galactic planets from OGLE-III 2002 microlensing data. Roman will find rogue planets by conducting a large microlensing survey. Microlensing Searches for Exoplanets by Yiannis Tsapras Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum fr Astronomie der Universitt Heidelberg, Mnchhofstr. A planetary tour through time. planets likely outnumber the hundreds of billions of stars. ; Chung, S.J. ; Hwang, K.H. ; Beaulieu, J.P.; Caldwell, J.A.R. ; Street, R.A.; Han, C.; Bozza, V.; Gould, A.; Dominik, M.; Beaulieu, J.P.; Udalski, A.; Jrgensen, U.G. projected separation between the source and lens first decreases and then increases. n-point Gravitational Lenses with 5(n-1) Images. Multi-planet systems form several disconnected sets of caustics; there is a central caustic located very close to the primary lens and multiple planetary caustics further away. ; Horne, K.; Albrow, M.D. gravitational field of the star and planet can create strong deviations Gravitational microlensing is an observational effect that was predicted in 1936 by Einstein using his General Theory of Relativity. MOA-2016-BLG-227Lb: A Massive Planet Characterized by Combining Light-curve Analysis and Keck AO Imaging. Green, J.; Schechter, P.; Baltay, C.; Bean, R.; Bennett, D.; Brown, R.; Conselice, C.; Donahue, M.; Fan, X.; Gaudi, B.S. ; Tsapras, Y.; Bramich, D.M. The pivotal point came with the introduction of the OGLE early-warning system in 1994, which allowed early detection of on-going microlensing events in their data stream [, This decision, soon emulated by other surveys, enabled small dedicated teams around the world to strongly contribute to the science [. Eccentricity Distribution of Gas Giants. Its similar to using a piece of playdough to pick up other pieces. The techniques commonly used to find other worlds are biased toward planets that tend to be very different from those in our solar system. ; Marquette, J.B.; Blackman, J.W. images. Tsapras, Y.; Street, R.; Horne, K.; Snodgrass, C.; Dominik, M.; Allan, A.; Steele, I.; Bramich, D.M. shape and maximum amplitude of the lightcurve depends on relative path the It was first predicted for quasar microlensing in 1986 [. Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum fr Astronomie der Universitt Heidelberg, Mnchhofstr. The Occurrence Rate of Giant Planets around M Dwarfs. Distinguishing Between Binary-Source and Planetary Microlensing Perturbations. 10: 365. than microlensing. However, these images are also magnified, by an amount that depends on the angular lens-source separation. See further details. All images undergo standard preliminary processing to remove noise due to the camera electronics and to correct for irregularities in the optical path, such as specks of dust on the optics [, Aperture photometry is conceptually the simplest and involves summing up the flux contribution of each pixel within an aperture of fixed radius centered on the position of the star to be measured [, PSF fitting photometry does better when there is a moderate degree of blending and is still used extensively for many astronomical projects. Daflon, S.; Cunha, K. Galactic Metallicity Gradients Derived from a Sample of OB Stars. 2 The State of the Field of Exoplanets | Exoplanet Science Strategy Depending on the arrangement of stars, two or more versions of the distant star can be seen due to the lensing effect. ; Saunders, E.S. If the lens is a single, isolated, compact object and relative motions are rectilinear, ; Batcheldor, D.; Graham, A.W. Travis Schirner. Extrasolar Planet Detected by Gravitational Microlensing - Exoplanet If the size of \(\theta_E\) can Snodgrass, C.; Horne, K.; Tsapras, Y. Artist's impression of a transiting Jupiter-mass exoplanet around a star slightly more massive than the Sun, such as the one discovered around SWEEPS-04.
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